Lesson 10Using Data Displays to Find Associations
Learning Goal
Let’s use data displays to find associations.
Learning Targets
I can create relative frequency tables, bar graphs, and segmented bar graphs from frequency tables to find associations among variables.
Lesson Terms
- relative frequency
- segmented bar graph
- two-way table
Warm Up: Sports and Musical Instruments
Problem 1
For a survey, students in a class answered these questions:
Do you play a sport?
Do you play a musical instrument?
Here is a two-way table that gives some results from the survey. Complete the table, assuming that all students answered both questions.
plays instrument
does not play instrument
total
plays sport
does not play sport
total
To the nearest percentage point, what percentage of students who play a sport don’t play a musical instrument?
To the nearest percentage point, what percentage of students who don’t play a sport also don’t play a musical instrument?
Activity 1: Sports and Music Association
Problem 1
Your teacher will give you a two-way table with information about the number of people in your class who play sports or musical instruments.
Complete this table to make a two-way table for the data from earlier. The table will show relative frequencies by row.
plays instrument
does not play instrument
row total
plays sport
does not play sport
Make a segmented bar graph for the table. Use one bar of the graph for each row of the table.
Complete the table to make a two-way table for the data from earlier. The table will show relative frequencies by column.
plays instrument
does not play instrument
plays sport
does not play sport
column total
Using the values in the table, make a segmented bar graph. Use one bar of the graph for each column of the table.
Based on the two-way tables and segmented bar graphs, do you think there is an association between playing a sport and playing a musical instrument? Explain how you know.
Activity 2: Colored Erasers
Problem 1
An eraser factory has five machines. One machine makes the eraser shapes. Then each shape goes through the red machine, blue machine, yellow machine, or green machine to have a side colored.
The manager notices that an uncolored side of some erasers is flawed at the end of the process and wants to know which machine needs to be fixed: the shape machine or some of the color machines. The manager collected data on the number of flawed and unflawed erasers of each color.
unflawed | flawed | total | |
|---|---|---|---|
red | |||
blue | |||
yellow | |||
green |
Work with a partner. Each of you should make one segmented bar graph for the data in the table. One segmented bar graph should have a bar for each row of the table. The other segmented bar graph should have one bar for each column of the table.
Are the flawed erasers associated with certain colors? If so, which colors? Explain your reasoning.
Are you ready for more?
Problem 1
Based on the federal budgets for 2009, the table shows where some of the federal money was expected to go. The values are in billions of U.S. Dollars.
United States | Japan | United Kingdom | |
|---|---|---|---|
defense | |||
education |
Why would a segmented bar graph be more useful than the table of data to see any associations between the country and where the money is spent?
Create a segmented bar graph that represents the data from the table.
Is there an association between the country’s budget and their spending in these areas? Explain your reasoning.
Lesson Summary
In an earlier lesson, we looked at data on meditation and state of mind in athletes. Is there an association between meditation and state of mind?
The bar graph shows that more athletes were calm than agitated among the group that meditated, and more athletes were agitated than calm among the group that did not. We can see the proportions of calm meditators and calm non-meditators from the segmented bar graph, which shows that about 66% of athletes who meditated were calm, whereas only about 27% of those who did not meditate were calm.
This does not necessarily mean that meditation causes calm; it could be the other way around, that calm athletes are more inclined to meditate. But it does suggest that there is an association between meditating and calmness.